Bergmannoffensief

Bergmann Offensief
Onderdeel van de Eerste Wereldoorlog
	Verste Russische opmars in Anatolië
Datum	2 november - 16 november 1914
Locatie	Turks Armenië
Resultaat	Ottomaanse overwinning
Strijdende partijen
Rusland	Ottomaanse Rijk
Leiders en commandanten
Georgi Bergmann	Hasan Izzet Pasha
Troepensterkte
100.000	118.000
Verliezen
40.000	14.000

Het Bergmann-offensief (Russisch: Бергманнский прорыв; Bergmannski proryv) was de eerste veldslag aan het Kaukasusfront in de Eerste Wereldoorlog. De slag vond plaats op 2 november tot 16 november 1914 en werd uitgevochten tussen het Keizerrijk Rusland en het Ottomaanse Rijk.

De slag

Generaal Georgi Bergmann, die bevelhebber was over het 1e Kaukasische legerkorps nam het initiatief tegen het Ottomaanse Rijk.^[2] Op 2 november trok hij de Turkse grens over in de richting van Köprüköy. Zijn rechterflank werd gevormd door een brigade onder generaal Istomin die van Oltu in de richting van Id trok.^[2] Zijn linkerflank werd gevormd door een Kozakkendivisie onder Baratov die de Alashkertvallei in trok richting Yuzveran, nadat deze de Aras rivier overgestoken was.^[2]

Als reactie hierop zette het 3e Ottomaanse leger de tegenaanval in.^[2] Het kwam tot een treffen op 6 november.^[2] De Russen voelden zich echter bedreigd door ontwikkelingen aan beide kanten. Door het snel arriveren van Russische versterkingen draaide het echter niet uit op een grote nederlaag. De slag liep op 16 november op zijn einde.^[2]

Resultaat

De Russische verliezen waren 40% en de moraal had een aardige klap gekregen. Ondertussen was de Turkse moraal hoog. Het was het succes van deze eerste confrontatie dat Enver aanzette tot zijn plan bij de Slag bij Sarıkamış.^[2]

Referenties

↑
- Mayayo i Artal, Andreu, Pellegrini, Alberto, Segura, Antoni (2018). Centenary of the Russian Revolution: (1917–2017). Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 24. ISBN 978-1-5275-1407-2 "Despite these difficulties, the Russians were the first to engage in the Caucasus. The Bergmann Offensive advanced into enemy territory on 2 November, with the aim of occupying some border areas near Köpruköy and thus preventing possible raids by the irregular Kurd forces into Russian Armenia. However, the Ottomans put up stronger resistance than the Tsarist High Command had overoptimistically forecasted, defeating the invading army and forcing it to retreat."
- Çakmak, Fevzi (2005). Birinci Dünya Harbi’nde Doğu Cephesi Harekâtı. Genelkurmay ATASE ve Denetleme Başkanlığı Yayınları, Ankara, p. 39 "Azap Muharebesi'ni bizim kazandığımızdır… Berhman ve kurmay başkanı Sarıkamış'a kaçmış ve Türklerin üstün geldiğini Tiflis'e bildirmiştir."
- (tr) Erickson, Edward J., Uyar, Mesut (28 juni 2017). Osmanlı Askeri Tarihi. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, p. 489. ISBN 978-605-332-281-8 "Köprüköy’de karşı taarruz icra etti… Bergmann'ı yenilgiye uğrattı."
- (en) Caucasus Front / 1.2 / encyclopedic. 1914-1918-Online. Geraadpleegd op 29 november 2025.
- (tr) Alpar, Güray (31 oktober 2018). BİRİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI’NDA KÖPRÜKÖY VE AZAP ZAFERLERİ. Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 3 (6). ISSN: 2717-8706. “Köprüköy ve Azap Zaferleri… Rus Ordusuna karşı kazanılmış büyük zaferlerdir.”.
- Allen, William Edward David, Muratoff, Paul (2011). Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border 1828–1921. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 248. ISBN 978-1-108-01335-2 "Yudenich and his staff were humiliated by the unsuccessful début of the Caucasian army."
- Johnson, Rob (2016). The Great War and the Middle East. Oxford University Press, p. 157. ISBN 978-0-19-968328-4 "Köprüköy village was recaptured and the Russians were forced back… by 14 November Ottomans threatened to envelop Bergmann's rear."
- Rogan, Eugene L. (2015). The fall of the Ottomans : the Great War in the Middle East, Internet Archive. New York, NY : Basic Books, a member of the Perseus Books Group, pp. 76-79. ISBN 978-0-465-02307-3.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984). The Campaign in Armenia. Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I, vol ii. Marshall Cavendish Corporation, New York, p.500. ISBN 0-86307-181-3.

[1] 
Mayayo i Artal, Andreu, Pellegrini, Alberto, Segura, Antoni (2018). Centenary of the Russian Revolution: (1917–2017). Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 24. ISBN 978-1-5275-1407-2 "Despite these difficulties, the Russians were the first to engage in the Caucasus. The Bergmann Offensive advanced into enemy territory on 2 November, with the aim of occupying some border areas near Köpruköy and thus preventing possible raids by the irregular Kurd forces into Russian Armenia. However, the Ottomans put up stronger resistance than the Tsarist High Command had overoptimistically forecasted, defeating the invading army and forcing it to retreat."
Çakmak, Fevzi (2005). Birinci Dünya Harbi’nde Doğu Cephesi Harekâtı. Genelkurmay ATASE ve Denetleme Başkanlığı Yayınları, Ankara, p. 39 "Azap Muharebesi'ni bizim kazandığımızdır… Berhman ve kurmay başkanı Sarıkamış'a kaçmış ve Türklerin üstün geldiğini Tiflis'e bildirmiştir."
(tr) Erickson, Edward J., Uyar, Mesut (28 juni 2017). Osmanlı Askeri Tarihi. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, p. 489. ISBN 978-605-332-281-8 "Köprüköy’de karşı taarruz icra etti… Bergmann'ı yenilgiye uğrattı."
(en) Caucasus Front / 1.2 / encyclopedic. 1914-1918-Online. Geraadpleegd op 29 november 2025.
(tr) Alpar, Güray (31 oktober 2018). BİRİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI’NDA KÖPRÜKÖY VE AZAP ZAFERLERİ. Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 3 (6). ISSN: 2717-8706. “Köprüköy ve Azap Zaferleri… Rus Ordusuna karşı kazanılmış büyük zaferlerdir.”.
Allen, William Edward David, Muratoff, Paul (2011). Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border 1828–1921. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 248. ISBN 978-1-108-01335-2 "Yudenich and his staff were humiliated by the unsuccessful début of the Caucasian army."
Johnson, Rob (2016). The Great War and the Middle East. Oxford University Press, p. 157. ISBN 978-0-19-968328-4 "Köprüköy village was recaptured and the Russians were forced back… by 14 November Ottomans threatened to envelop Bergmann's rear."
Rogan, Eugene L. (2015). The fall of the Ottomans : the Great War in the Middle East, Internet Archive. New York, NY : Basic Books, a member of the Perseus Books Group, pp. 76-79. ISBN 978-0-465-02307-3.

[mwSQ] Mayayo i Artal, Andreu, Pellegrini, Alberto, Segura, Antoni (2018). Centenary of the Russian Revolution: (1917–2017). Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 24. ISBN 978-1-5275-1407-2 "Despite these difficulties, the Russians were the first to engage in the Caucasus. The Bergmann Offensive advanced into enemy territory on 2 November, with the aim of occupying some border areas near Köpruköy and thus preventing possible raids by the irregular Kurd forces into Russian Armenia. However, the Ottomans put up stronger resistance than the Tsarist High Command had overoptimistically forecasted, defeating the invading army and forcing it to retreat."

[mwWA] Çakmak, Fevzi (2005). Birinci Dünya Harbi’nde Doğu Cephesi Harekâtı. Genelkurmay ATASE ve Denetleme Başkanlığı Yayınları, Ankara, p. 39 "Azap Muharebesi'ni bizim kazandığımızdır… Berhman ve kurmay başkanı Sarıkamış'a kaçmış ve Türklerin üstün geldiğini Tiflis'e bildirmiştir."

[mwYw] (tr) Erickson, Edward J., Uyar, Mesut (28 juni 2017). Osmanlı Askeri Tarihi. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, p. 489. ISBN 978-605-332-281-8 "Köprüköy’de karşı taarruz icra etti… Bergmann'ı yenilgiye uğrattı."

[mwdg] (en) Caucasus Front / 1.2 / encyclopedic. 1914-1918-Online. Geraadpleegd op 29 november 2025.

[mwgA] (tr) Alpar, Güray (31 oktober 2018). BİRİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI’NDA KÖPRÜKÖY VE AZAP ZAFERLERİ. Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 3 (6). ISSN: 2717-8706. “Köprüköy ve Azap Zaferleri… Rus Ordusuna karşı kazanılmış büyük zaferlerdir.”.

[mwkA] Allen, William Edward David, Muratoff, Paul (2011). Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border 1828–1921. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 248. ISBN 978-1-108-01335-2 "Yudenich and his staff were humiliated by the unsuccessful début of the Caucasian army."

[mwnw] Johnson, Rob (2016). The Great War and the Middle East. Oxford University Press, p. 157. ISBN 978-0-19-968328-4 "Köprüköy village was recaptured and the Russians were forced back… by 14 November Ottomans threatened to envelop Bergmann's rear."

[mwrQ] Rogan, Eugene L. (2015). The fall of the Ottomans : the Great War in the Middle East, Internet Archive. New York, NY : Basic Books, a member of the Perseus Books Group, pp. 76-79. ISBN 978-0-465-02307-3.

[caven-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984). The Campaign in Armenia. Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I, vol ii. Marshall Cavendish Corporation, New York, p.500. ISBN 0-86307-181-3.

[1]

[2]